Igisubizo cyanjye kubyo Nduhungirehe yanditse haruguru:
Umuzukuru wa Ngurube agirango gutukana byongera agaciro kubyo avuga. Reka muhe isomo ryibanze mumategeko:
1. Aravuga ngo double jeorpardy ibaho gusa iyo urukiko rumwe ruburanishije umuntu kabiri kucyaha kumwe. Icyo ngo nicyo kimenyetso ko azi double jeorpardy ! Biteye isoni
( i) kumusubiza, ndifashisha urubanza r’Umubwongereza rwa Benson v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board [1942] AC. Urukiko twaravuze ngo : ” an acquittal made by a court of competent jurisdiction and made within its jurisdiction, although erroneous in point of fact, cannot as a rule be questioned and brought before any other Court”.
Mukinyarwanda bivuze ko”
Iyo urukiko rufite ububasha rutanze acquittal, ntarundi rukiko muri icyo gihugu rushobora kwongera kuburanisha urw’ubanza.
Therefore, umwanzuro w’urubanza rwa
Benson v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board [1942] ugaragaza ” ubumenyi” Umuzukuru wa Ngurube afite. Kandi bivugwako yize amategeko!!!
Ngibyo navuze mukiganiro ko ubumenyi buke mumategeko buzabakoraho. Niba Minister nuzima atazi double jeorpardy, principle yibanze, ninde ugira Kagame inama?
ii) Reka nifashishe Blackstone in his Commentaries on the Laws of England aho byanditswe ngo: “… autrefois acquit and autrefois convict [ double jeorpardy] is a universal maxim of the common law of England, that no man ought to be twice brought in danger of his life for one and the same crime’.
Ibi ngirango birahagije kugaragaa ko ibyo umuzukuru wa Ngurube avuga (a) double jeorpardy biba iyo urukiko rumwe ruburanishije icyaha kimwe umuntu yakoze cyangwa ( b) double jeorpardy ibujijwe muri America gusa bidafite ishongiro ahobwo bigaragaza ko Ndubungirehe atazi ibyo avuga.
( iii) Ese, iriya International convention Nduhungirehe mbona anakoresha, yashizweho umukono n’America gusa? Nduhungirehe aturika gute ngo double jeopardy ikoreswa nabanyamerica gusa?
2. Nduhungirehe aravuga ngo iriya principle ikora muri America gusa. Ngo mubufaransa, ububirigi, kujurira acquittal bibaho.
( i) Icyo umuzukuru wa Ngurube atazi nukwo uburenganzira bworegwa murukiko, ukwo bukubiye muri Constitution y’urwanda, n’ubutenganzira bwa Common law. Constitution y’urwanda ya 2003, yavanye urwanda muri crominal procedure na criminal law ya Belgium Civil law. Bityo rero, yanategeko yose ya civil law bafite murwanda ( cyangwa zimwe mungingo zayo) byahindutse ipfabusa kuberako Constitution ya 2003. Kubera kutamenya iby’intu, umuzukuru ea Ngurube utazi implications za Constitution ya 2003 y’urwanda muri criminal law and criminal procedure, ahita azana ubufaransa n’ububirigi …kandi biriya bihugu byose avuga, ntabwo bifite Constitution imeze nk’iyurwanda.
( ii) Umwuzukuru wa Ngurube azi neza ko urwanda rwashize umukono kuri ririya tegeko mpuzanahanga ribuza double jeorpardy. Arabizi ko amategeko yurwanda ayandi yose adashobora kuvuguruza Constitution cyangwa ariya amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Kweri, Nduhungirehe arakora legal argument cyangwa araturika amagambo bisanzwe cyangwa nukwo atasobanukiwe iriya defense izwi neza muri criminal law?
Nduhungirehe azi criminal law defenses?
