Iyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa, byashoboka ko izina u Rwanda riba ritakivugwa mu ruhando rw’ibihugu bigize Isi kuko magingo aya ruba rwarometswe ku bindi bihugu cyangwa rwarahinduriwe izina n’imbago, Abatutsi bari mu gihugu cyabo Abahutu mu kindi, Abatwa bo nta wabatekerezaga muri uwo mugambi.
Igihugu cy’Abahutu n’icy’Abatutsi (Hutuland na Tutsiland) ni igitekerezo kimaze igihe kinini kuko cyavuzwe bwa mbere na Grégoire Kayibanda wari uyoboye Ishyaka Parmehutu, muri telegaramu yandikiye Loni tariki 13 Ugushyingo 1959, asaba ko “igihugu kigabanywamo agace kagenewe Abatutsi n’akandi kagenewe Abahutu’.
Nyuma yo kujya ku butegetsi mu 1962 kugeza mu 1973 ubwo yahirikwaga muri Coup d’Etat yakozwe n’uwahoze ari umunywanyi we Habyarimana Juvénal, Kayibanda ntiyigeze abishyira mu bikorwa mu buryo bweruye, nubwo mu gitabo Democratic Engineering in Rwanda and Burundi cya Jean-Marie Kagabo, yerekana ko hari ibisa nkabyo Kayibanda yagiye akora, afata Abatutsi akabatuza mu duce tumwe mu bice bya Bugesera na Rukumberi.
Utu duce ni tumwe mu twakozwemo Jenoside mu 1994 mu buryo bw’indengakamere kuko kumenya Abatutsi no kubica byari byoroheye Interahamwe na Leta yakoraga Jenoside, kuko bari baratujwe hamwe.
Nubwo nta nama yigeze iba ku mugaragaro ngo iganire ku kibazo cya Hutuland na Tutsiland, byagiye bivugwa kenshi n’abantu batandukanye barimo n’abayobozi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bashaka kwerekana ko ari muti urambye ku bibazo by’amoko byaranze u Rwanda n’u Burundi nyuma y’ubwigenge.
Mu 1988 icyo gitekerezo cyo gushinga Hutuland na Tutsiland cyashyigikiwe n’uwari Ambasaderi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu Burundi, Thomas Melady, mu 1995 bishimangirwa na Jean Baptiste Bagaza wahoze ayoboye u Burundi, byongera kugarukwaho mu 1995 bishimangirwa n’ubutegetsi bwa Amerika, Hubert Védrine wabaye Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga w’u Bufaransa, uwari Perezida wa Kenya Daniel Arap Moi n’abandi.
Kuki Hutuland na Tutsiland?
Byakajije umurego nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, aho abari bashyigikiye icyo gitekerezo bagaragazaga ko ukurikije ibyabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994, Abahutu n’Abatutsi batazongera kubana bibaho. Ubwiyunge bwagezweho muri iyi myaka irenga 26 ishize, icyo gihe bwasaga n’inzozi kuko bake nibo bashoboraga kwiyumvisha ko Abahutu n’Abatutsi bazasubira kubana, bagaturana ndetse bagafatanyiriza hamwe kubaka igihugu basangiye.
Tariki 29 Mata 1995, ikinyamakuru The Independent cyo mu Bwongereza cyatangaje ko George Moose wari ushinzwe Afurika muri Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga ya Amerika yavuze ko ‘Guverinoma nyinshi’ ziri kwiga ishyirwaho ry’igihugu cy’Abahutu n’icy’Abatutsi bisimbura u Rwanda n’u Burundi kubera ko ngo babonaga nta mahoro azigera aboneka mu karere nibidakorwa gutyo.
Amahanga yari ashishikajwe cyane no gucamo u Rwanda n’u Burundi ibice by’Abahutu n’Abatutsi kurusha gushyigikira umugambi wa Leta y’Ubumwe wo kongera guhuza Abanyarwanda bakabana.
Hubert Védrine mu nyandiko yise ‘Hutus et Tutsis: à chacun son pays’ yacishije mu kinyamakuru ’Le Point’ tariki 23 Ugushyingo 1996, yavuze ko mu gihe ubutegetsi buri mu maboko y’Abatutsi, nta mahoro u Rwanda ruzagira kuko badashobora kwemera demokarasi n’amatora kuko bazi ko bayatsindwa.
Muri iyo nyandiko yagize ati “Ntabwo Abatutsi bashobora kwemera amatora anyuze mu mucyo kuko bazi ko bayatsindwa. None se twakwizera ko Abahutu n’Abatutsi baziyunga? Ibyo byaba ari ukwishuka.”
Yakomeje agira ati “Kuki hatatekerezwa gushinga ibihugu bibiri bitandukanye hagati y’u Rwanda n’u Burundi, kimwe cy’Abahutu ikindi cy’Abatutsi bikagenzurwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga?”
Mu mitwe y’abanyamahanga benshi, bumvaga inzira zishoboka ari ebyiri, gushyiraho igihugu cy’Abahutu, ikindi kikaba icy’Abatutsi, cyangwa u Rwanda n’u Burundi bigashyirwa mu maboko y’ibindi bihugu ku buryo bitaba igihugu kigizwe n’amoko abiri ahora ahanganye.
Uwahoze ari Perezida wa Kenya, Daniel Arap Moi mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abanyamakuru muri Mata 1998, na we yashimangiye ko Abahutu n’Abatutsi bakwiriye gutandukanywa, buri bwoko bugahabwa igihugu cyabwo kugira ngo amakimbirane ahoshe.
Zimwe mu nzobere za politiki yo mu Biyaga Bigari nazo ntizahwemye kwenyegeza icyo gitekerezo, zumvikanisha ko nikiramuka kidashyizwe mu bikorwa u Rwanda n’u Burundi bizaba umuyonga.
Urugero ni umwanditsi wo muri Tanzania, Godfrey Mwakikagile wanditse igitabo ‘Conquest of the Mind’, akavuga ko kwemera ko Abatutsi bazazana demokarasi mu Rwanda inyuze mu matora ari “nko kwizera ko bakwemera kwiyahura.”
Uyu mugabo ufite imyaka 70 ubu, yagize ati “Demokarasi ishingiye ku bwiganze ntiyaba kwiyahura gusa ku Batutsi ahubwo ni no kwiyemeza ko Abatutsi bazahora bayobowe n’Abahutu mu bihugu byombi. Niyo mpamvu gucamo ibyo bihugu ibice bibiri ari cyo gisubizo kirambye ku mutekano na demokarasi.”
Nubwo nta biganiro birambuye byakozwe kuri iyo ngingo, birashoboka cyane ko hari abari babyihishe inyuma. Nta munyapolitiki haba mu Rwanda n’i Burundi mu bari bayoboye icyo gihe wigeze abiha agaciro nubwo bitasibaga kuvugwa.
Ikindi nuko mu batangaga icyo gitekerezo bose, nta n’umwe wigeze avuga uburyo byakorwamo kuva mu ntangiriro kugeza mu iherezo.
Nka Védrine mu nyandiko yanyujije mu kinyamakuru Le Point, yavuze ko Akanama gashinzwe Umutekano muri Loni ariko kagombaga gushyiraho imipaka igabanya Hutuland na Tutsiland.
Nyuma yo gushyiraho iyo mipaka, ngo hari gushyirwaho ubuyobozi noneho bukamenyerezwa mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu, ibyo bihugu bikabona kwigenga.
Godfrey Mwakikagile mu kindi gitabo yise “Peace and Stability in Rwanda and Burundi: The Road Not Taken’’, yavuze ko “Gutandukanya ayo moko bishobora kudashyira ihereza ku rwango hagati yayo, ariko ko bizashyira iherezo ku kuvushanya amaraso n’ubuzima bw’ibihumbi bipfira muri ayo makimbirane.”
Mu batekerezaga Hutuland na Tutsiland, ntaho bakomozaga ku bwoko bw’Abatwa buboneka haba mu Rwanda no mu Burundi. Ntaho kandi bavugaga ahazashyirwa abavutse ku babyeyi bo mu moko yombi b’imvange z’Abahutu n’Abatutsi mu gihe ibyo bihugu byari kuba bigabanywa.
Jean Marie Kagabo mu gitabo cye, agaragaza ko gucamo ibihugu bibiri bishingiye ku moko bitari gushoboka kubera impamvu eshatu. Icya mbere ni uko byari kugorana gusenya imiyoborere ya politiki yari muri ibyo bihugu, uburyo bwari gukoreshwa bimura buri bwoko babujyana mu gice bwagenewe n’uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari gukurikira iryo cibwamo ibice.
Ikindi nuko ibyo bihugu byose byari mu bukene, hakibazwa ahazava amikoro yo gushyira mu bikorwa uwo mugambi.
Umwanditsi Mahmood Mamdani we yavuze ko gushyiraho igihugu cy’Abahutu n’icy’Abatutsi byari kuba ari ukurema intambara itazigera irangira mu karere. Uwo mwanditsi yibazaga uburyo Abatutsi n’Abahutu bazabana mu bihugu bibiri byegeranye, ntibahore barebana ay’ingwe.
Indi mbogamizi yagaragajwe n’inzobere, ni uburyo Tutsiland na Hutuland byari kubaho ku buryo buri bwoko buhabwa ubutaka bungana, n’uburyo bwari gukoreshwa ngo Abatutsi cyangwa Abahutu bagabanywe ubutaka muri icyo gihugu cyabo gishya.
Bikekwa ko igabanywa ry’igihugu cy’Abahutu n’Abatutsi, byari bishyigikiwe cyane n’Abahezanguni b’Abahutu bari bari mu buhungiro nyuma yo gutsindwa n’ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zahagaritse Jenoside.
Ikindi gikekwa kubyihisha inyuma, ni u Bufaransa mu mayeri yo gushaka kongera kugira ijambo muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba nyuma y’ihirima ry’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana Juvénal mu Rwanda.
U Rwanda rwari kuba rurangiye
Mu Ukuboza 2017, Umujyanama Mukuru wa Perezida mu by’Umutekano, Gen James Kabarebe yabwiye Intore z’Inkomezamihigo zari ziri mu Itorero Urunana rw’Urungano mu Kigo cya Gisirikare cya Gabiro, ko umugambi wo gucamo u Rwanda kabiri wari ugamije kugarura amacakubiri, ariyo mpamvu FPR Inkotanyi yari imaze guhagarika Jenoside yabiteye utwatsi.
Ati “Hari abavugaga ko u Rwanda rukwiye kugabanywa n’ibihugu duturanye. Hari abavugaga ko ibihugu duturanye binini, buri kimwe gifataho agace kuko u Rwanda rudashobora kwiyubaka. Hari abavugaga ko bakwiye gukatamo u Rwanda kabiri, bagahera i Byumba bakagera Bugesera, Abahutu bakajya mu Burengerazuba, Abatutsi bakajya mu Burasirazuba. Uko bari kubivangura n’uko icyo gihugu cyari kuzabaho ntabwo tucyumva.”
Gen Kabarebe yavuze ko uko gucamo ibihugu bibiri iyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa, u Rwanda rwari kuba rurangiye.
Ati “FPR ibyo byose yarabyanze, yanze ko u Rwanda rugabanywa n’ibindi bihugu, yanga ko rukatwamo kabiri kugira ngo bavangure. Sinzi uwari gukora uwo mukoro wo kuvangura, sinzi n’uko bari gushobora kubikora, sinzi n’icyo bari gukurikiza ariko ni ukuvuga ko u Rwanda rwari rurangiye, RPA irabyanga ihagarika Jenoside, igihugu kirongera kiba kimwe.”
Nubwo benshi babonaga bidashoboka, nyuma ya Jenoside Guverinoma yashyize ingufu mu bijyanye n’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge ibasha gucyura impunzi zisaga miliyoni 3.5 guhera mu 1994, imanza zigera kuri miliyoni ebyiri z’abagize uruhare muri Jenoside zaraciwe hifashishijwe Inkiko Gacaca.
Ibyo nibyo byabaye umusingi wo kongera kubaka u Rwanda mu zindi nzego z’iterambere igihugu gifite kuri ubu.
